ABSTRACT
Purpose
Sources
Synthesis
Conclusions and Applications
Key words:
INTRODUCTION
USDA NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service). 2021. Cotton Crop Production Report. Accessed Mar. 2, 2022. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/crop1221.pdf.
Cotton Industry Technologies and Effects on Cottonseed and Cotton Residue Quality
Wanjura, J. D., W. B. Faulkner, R. K. Boman, M. S. Kelley, E. M. Barnes, S. W. Searcy, M. H. Willcutt, M. J. Bushermohle, and A. D. Brashears. 2010. Stripper harvesting. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cotton-Stripping-Harvest.pdf.
Willcutt, M. H., M. J. Buschermohle, G. W. Huitink, E. M. Barnes, J. D. Wanjura, and S. W. Searcy. 2010. The spindle-type cotton harvester. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Spindle.pdf.
Wanjura, J. D., W. B. Faulkner, R. K. Boman, M. S. Kelley, E. M. Barnes, S. W. Searcy, M. H. Willcutt, M. J. Bushermohle, and A. D. Brashears. 2010. Stripper harvesting. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cotton-Stripping-Harvest.pdf.
Willcutt, M. H., M. J. Buschermohle, G. W. Huitink, E. M. Barnes, J. D. Wanjura, and S. W. Searcy. 2010. The spindle-type cotton harvester. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Spindle.pdf.
Whole Cottonseed
Wedegaertner, T. 2010. Whole cottonseed: A super feed for dairy cows. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/SuperCow-Brochure-2010l.pdf.
Cumberland Valley Analytical Services. 2022. Cotton gin trash and whole cottonseed database summary. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.foragelab.com/Reporting-And-Data-Services/Custom-Export-of-Data.
Item (% of DM unless otherwise noted) | Whole cottonseed | Gin byproduct | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of samples | Mean | SD | No. of samples | Mean | SD | ||
DM | 2,304 | 89.9 | 4.0 | 435 | 86.9 | 8.9 | |
CP | 1,607 | 23.0 | 3.5 | 407 | 12.3 | 4.2 | |
Adjusted CP | 1,550 | 22.8 | 3.5 | 402 | 11.2 | 4.4 | |
ADF | 1,405 | 35.0 | 5.8 | 397 | 49.2 | 13.2 | |
NDF | 1,480 | 44.6 | 6.7 | 390 | 57.7 | 12.7 | |
Lignin | 713 | 10.6 | 2.5 | 232 | 16.7 | 5.8 | |
Starch | 424 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 127 | 1.09 | 1.5 | |
Crude fat | 1,101 | 18.7 | 2.9 | 253 | 5.4 | 5.3 | |
Ash | 1,277 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 383 | 12.2 | 6.7 | |
TDN2 | 1,124 | 88.9 | 8.6 | 247 | 48.3 | 16.4 | |
NEl2 (Mcal/kg) | 1,055 | 2.11 | 0.22 | 244 | 1.06 | 0.42 | |
NEm (Mcal/kg) | 1,055 | 2.20 | 0.26 | 244 | 0.84 | 0.57 | |
NEg (Mcal/kg) | 1,055 | 1.52 | 0.35 | 244 | 0.28 | 0.64 | |
Calcium | 1,268 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 379 | 1.7 | 1.93 | |
Phosphorus | 1,268 | 0.63 | 0.11 | 379 | 0.31 | 0.20 | |
Magnesium | 1,266 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 378 | 0.35 | 0.03 | |
Potassium | 1,266 | 1.26 | 0.13 | 378 | 1.96 | 0.86 | |
Sulfur | 336 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 141 | 0.42 | 0.29 | |
Sodium | 1,267 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 378 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |
Chloride | 327 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 139 | 0.47 | 0.43 | |
Iron (mg/kg) | 1,267 | 103 | 158 | 378 | 774 | 955 | |
Manganese (mg/kg) | 1,267 | 22.4 | 18.3 | 378 | 62.8 | 44 | |
Zinc (mg/kg) | 1,267 | 42.4 | 26.7 | 3,768 | 33.5 | 186 | |
Copper (mg/kg) | 1,267 | 11.0 | 8.16 | 379 | 9.91 | 62 |
Weiss, B. 1998. OARDC Summative Energy Equation of Weiss. Accessed May 20, 2022. http://www.foragelab.com/Media/OARDC_Summative_Energy_Equation.pdf.
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9791/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-seventh-revised-edition-update-2000.
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9791/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-seventh-revised-edition-update-2000.
Stewart, R. L., Jr., and J. Rossi. 2010. Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin 1311. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1311.
- Broderick G.A.
- Kerkman T.M.
- Sullivan H.M.
- Dowd M.K.
- Funk P.A.
- Knutsen H.K.
- Barregard L.
- Bignami M.
- Brüschweiler B.
- Ceccatelli S.
- Dinovi M.
- Edler L.
- Grasl-Kraupp B.
- Hogstrand C.
- Hoogenboom L.R.
- Nebbia C.S.
- Oswald I.P.
- Petersen A.
- Rose M.
- Roudot A.C.
- Schwerdtle T.
- Vleminckx C.
- Vollmer G.
- Wallace H.
- Alexander J.
- Cottrill B.
- Mackay K.
USDA NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service). 2021. Cotton Crop Production Report. Accessed Mar. 2, 2022. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/crop1221.pdf.
Myer, R. O., L. R. McDowell, and M. J. Hersom. 2018. Potential for gossypol toxicity when feeding whole cottonseed to beef cattle. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication AN130. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/AN/AN130/AN130-14017183.pdf.
COTTON RESIDUES
Cotton Gin Byproduct
Myer, R. O. 2008. Cotton gin trash: Alternative roughage feed for beef cattle. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication AN177. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/37/67/00001/AN18900.pdf.
Stewart, R. L., Jr., and J. Rossi. 2010. Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin 1311. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1311.
Jacobs, J. L., M. K. Mullenix, S. M. Brown, and J. C. Koebernick. 2020. Cotton byproduct use in beef cattle diets. Alabama Cooperative Extension System Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication. ANR-2636. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ANR-2636-CottonByproducts_031620L-copy.pdf.
Cumberland Valley Analytical Services. 2022. Cotton gin trash and whole cottonseed database summary. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.foragelab.com/Reporting-And-Data-Services/Custom-Export-of-Data.
Kennedy, J. B. 2006. Evaluation of cotton gin trash as a roughage source for stocker cattle. MS Thesis. Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL. https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/374/KENNEDY_JULIE_5.pdf?sequence=1.
Kennedy, J. B. 2006. Evaluation of cotton gin trash as a roughage source for stocker cattle. MS Thesis. Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL. https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/374/KENNEDY_JULIE_5.pdf?sequence=1.
Myer, R. O. 2008. Cotton gin trash: Alternative roughage feed for beef cattle. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication AN177. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/37/67/00001/AN18900.pdf.
Stewart, R. L., Jr., and J. Rossi. 2010. Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin 1311. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1311.
Stewart, R. L., Jr., and J. Rossi. 2010. Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin 1311. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1311.
Stewart, R. L., Jr., and J. Rossi. 2010. Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin 1311. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1311.
Adams, R. C., and W. A. Morgan. 2015. New baling press for gin waste (gin trash) for additional revenue. Proc. 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conf. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2022/index.htm.
Adams, R. C., and W. A. Morgan. 2015. New baling press for gin waste (gin trash) for additional revenue. Proc. 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conf. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2022/index.htm.
Cotton Stalks
Rossi, J. E. 2006. Report: Utilizing cotton by-products to reduce feed costs and improve reproduction in beef cattle. USDA-NIFA Project No. GEO00229. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0194297-utilizing-cotton-by-products-to-reduce-feed-costs-and-improve-reproduction-in-beef-cattle.html.
Chemical Residue
Code of Federal Regulations. 2022. Tolerances and Exemption for Pesticide Chemical Residues in Food. Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Part 180. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-180/subpart-C?toc=1.
Chemical name | Cotton gin byproduct (mg/kg) | Un-delinted cottonseed (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | 1.5 | 0.08 |
Glyphosate | 210 | NL |
Pendimethalin | 3 | 0.1 |
Thidiazuron | 24 | 0.3 |
Tribuphos | 40 | 4 |
Trifluralin | 0.05 | NL |
Ethephon | 180 | 6 |
Cyclanilide | 25 | 0.6 |
Code of Federal Regulations. 2022. Tolerances and Exemption for Pesticide Chemical Residues in Food. Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Part 180. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-180/subpart-C?toc=1.
EDUCATION AND AWARENESS OF COTTON BYPRODUCT USE IN SOUTHEASTERN BEEF COW-CALF SYSTEMS
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURE CITED
Adams, R. C., and W. A. Morgan. 2015. New baling press for gin waste (gin trash) for additional revenue. Proc. 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conf. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2022/index.htm.
- Whole cottonseed in dairy cattle feeding: A review..10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00169-7Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 1998; 72: 97-110
- Nutrient content of whole cottonseed..https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72815-015778316J. Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 1470-1477
- Effect of replacing soybean meal protein with protein from upland cottonseed, Pima cottonseed, or extruded Pima cottonseed on production of lactating dairy cows..https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-572323462167J. Dairy Sci. 2013; 96: 2374-2386
Code of Federal Regulations. 2022. Tolerances and Exemption for Pesticide Chemical Residues in Food. Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Part 180. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-180/subpart-C?toc=1.
Cumberland Valley Analytical Services. 2022. Cotton gin trash and whole cottonseed database summary. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.foragelab.com/Reporting-And-Data-Services/Custom-Export-of-Data.
- Grazing cotton crop residue to reduce winter supplementation cost in late-gestation beef cows and assessment of the negative effects of gossypol on fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms..Appl. Anim. Sci. 2022; 38: 433-440
- Effects of whole cottonseed supplementation on performance, semen quality, and manganese superoxide dismutase concentrations in blood and semen of beef bulls..Appl. Anim. Sci. 2022; (b Accepted)
- Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products..https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/23163524895646Sci. World J. 2014; 2014: 1-11
- Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol in peripubertal bulls..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.07.00715037004Theriogenology. 2004; 61: 1171-1179
Hill, G. M., M. H. Poore, D. J. Renney, A. J. Nichols, M. E. Pence, and B. G. Mullinix Jr. 1999. Whole cottonseed fed free choice to beef cows during winter, and digestibility of cottonseed diets by beef steers. Univ. Georgia, Anim. Dairy Sci. Dept. Annual Rep. 14. Univ. Georgia.
- Feeding cotton gin trash to beef cows in confinement during winter..J. Anim. Sci. 2000; 78: 25
- Cottonseed characteristics related to beef cattle consumption: Protein degradability, digestibility, and gossypol content..Appl. Anim. Sci. 2022; 38: 409-416
- Cotton gin byproduct feed intake, quality, and safety for use in diets of gestating beef cows..Appl. Anim. Sci. 2022; 38: 402-408
Jacobs, J. L., M. K. Mullenix, S. M. Brown, and J. C. Koebernick. 2020. Cotton byproduct use in beef cattle diets. Alabama Cooperative Extension System Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication. ANR-2636. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ANR-2636-CottonByproducts_031620L-copy.pdf.
Kennedy, J. B. 2006. Evaluation of cotton gin trash as a roughage source for stocker cattle. MS Thesis. Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL. https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/374/KENNEDY_JULIE_5.pdf?sequence=1.
- Presence of free gossypol in whole cottonseed..https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4850ESFA J. 2017; 15 (e04850)
- Effect of mowing cotton stalks and preventing plant regrowth on post-harvest reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita..22736845J. Nematol. 2010; 42: 96-100
- Evaluation of grazing or reduced feeding frequency supplementation systems for wintering cow-calf pairs..J. NACAA. 2021; 14: 2
- Effects of whole cottonseed, cottonseed oil or animal fat on digestibility of wheat straw by steers..https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6341267x3021706J. Anim. Sci. 1986; 63: 1267-1273
Myer, R. O. 2008. Cotton gin trash: Alternative roughage feed for beef cattle. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication AN177. Accessed Mar. 22, 2022. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/37/67/00001/AN18900.pdf.
Myer, R. O., L. R. McDowell, and M. J. Hersom. 2018. Potential for gossypol toxicity when feeding whole cottonseed to beef cattle. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication AN130. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/AN/AN130/AN130-14017183.pdf.
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9791/nutrient-requirements-of-beef-cattle-seventh-revised-edition-update-2000.
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2016. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 8th ed. Natl. Acad. Press. 10.17226/19014.
- Effects of gossypol present in cottonseed cake on the spermatogenesis of goats..J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2010; 9: 75-78
- Performance of beef heifers grazing stockpiled fescue as influenced by supplemental whole cottonseed..https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.8461613x16699119J. Anim. Sci. 2006; 84: 1613-1625
- Effects of gossypol and cottonseed products on reproduction of mammals..https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.7051628x1526930J. Anim. Sci. 1992; 70: 1628-1638
- The importance of byproducts to the US beef industry..https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00017-812235657Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2002; 18: 207-211
- Feeding cotton products to cattle..https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00020-812235661Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2002; 18: 267-294
Rossi, J. E. 2006. Report: Utilizing cotton by-products to reduce feed costs and improve reproduction in beef cattle. USDA-NIFA Project No. GEO00229. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0194297-utilizing-cotton-by-products-to-reduce-feed-costs-and-improve-reproduction-in-beef-cattle.html.
Sagebiel, J. A., and N. Cisse. 1984. Feeding cotton gin trash to wintering pregnant beef cows. Pages 130–133 in Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci.
- Fatty acids, calcium soaps of fatty acids, and cottonseeds fed to high yield cows..https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78008-41452851J. Dairy Sci. 1992; 75: 2463-2472
- The impact of seed size and chemical composition on seedling vigor, yield, and fiber quality of cotton in five production environments..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.05.002Field Crops Res. 2016; 193: 186-195
- Review: Spermatogenesis in the bull..https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111800043529882505Animal. 2018; 12: s27-s35
Stewart, R. L., M. J. Bader, and G. H. Harris. 1998. The evaluation of cotton gin trash as a cattle feed. Pages 28–30 in Univ. Georgia, Anim. Dairy Sci. Dept. Annu. Rep. Univ. Georgia.
Stewart, R. L., Jr., and J. Rossi. 2010. Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets. University of Georgia Extension Bulletin 1311. Accessed Mar. 21, 2022. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1311.
Turley, R. B., and K. D. Chapman. 2010. Ontogoney of cottonseeds: Gametogenesis, embryogenesis, germination, and seedling growth. Pages 332–341 in Physiology of Cotton. J. M. Stewart, D. M. Oosterhuis, J. J. Heitholt, and J. R. Mauney, ed. Springer.
USDA NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service). 2021. Cotton Crop Production Report. Accessed Mar. 2, 2022. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/crop1221.pdf.
- Development of high-gossypol cotton plants with low-gossypol seeds using trispecies bridge crosses and in vitro culture of seed embryos..https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003539924238Euphytica. 1999; 106: 243-251
Wanjura, J. D., E. M. Barnes, M. S. Kelley, and R. K. Boman. 2015. Harvesting. Pages 571 to 608 in Cotton. D. D. Fang and R. G. Percy, ed. Agronomy Monographs. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr57.2013.0047.
Wanjura, J. D., W. B. Faulkner, R. K. Boman, M. S. Kelley, E. M. Barnes, S. W. Searcy, M. H. Willcutt, M. J. Bushermohle, and A. D. Brashears. 2010. Stripper harvesting. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cotton-Stripping-Harvest.pdf.
Wedegaertner, T. 2010. Whole cottonseed: A super feed for dairy cows. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/SuperCow-Brochure-2010l.pdf.
Weiss, B. 1998. OARDC Summative Energy Equation of Weiss. Accessed May 20, 2022. http://www.foragelab.com/Media/OARDC_Summative_Energy_Equation.pdf.
Willcutt, M. H., M. J. Buschermohle, G. W. Huitink, E. M. Barnes, J. D. Wanjura, and S. W. Searcy. 2010. The spindle-type cotton harvester. Cotton Inc. Accessed Mar. 16, 2022. https://www.cottoninc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Spindle.pdf.
- History and current research in the USDA-ARS Cotton Breeding Program at Stoneville, MS..J. Cotton Sci. 2018; 22: 24-35
- Advances in gossypol toxicity and processing effects of whole cottonseed in dairy cows feeding..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.03.006Livest. Sci. 2007; 111: 1-9
- Interaction of whole cottonseed and supplemental fat on digestive function in cattle..https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71111x8454532J. Anim. Sci. 1993; 71: 11-17
Article info
Publication history
Footnotes
The authors have not declared any conflicts of interest.