ABSTRACT
Objective
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Implications and Applications
Key words:
INTRODUCTION
- Reinhardt C.D.
- Millican A.
- Wickersham T.
- Larson C.K.
- Branine M.E.
- Lundy E.L.
- Genther-Schroeder O.N.
- Branine M.E.
- Hansen S.L.
- Pogribny I.P.
- Kutanzi K.
- Melnyk S.
- de Conti A.
- Tryndyak V.
- Montgomery B.
- Pogribna M.
- Muskhelishvili L.
- Latendresse J.R.
- James S.J.
- Beland F.A.
- Rusyn I.
- Deters E.L.
- Niedermayer E.K.
- Genther-Schroeder O.N.
- Blank C.P.
- Carmichael R.N.
- Hartman S.J.
- Messersmith E.M.
- VanValin K.R.
- Branine M.E.
- Hansen S.L.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cattle Population and Processing Protocol
Experimental Design and Blocking
Dietary Treatments
Cattle Diets and Management
Item | Control | Test |
---|---|---|
Ingredient, % DM basis | ||
Steam-flaked corn | 43.2 | 43.2 |
Steam-flaked wheat | 23.9 | 23.9 |
Corn silage | 10.2 | 10.2 |
Wheat or triticale hay | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Dried distillers grains | 9.2 | 9.2 |
Whey delactose permeate | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Supplement | 3.9 | 3.9 |
Vegetable oil | 3.2 | 3.2 |
Test premix 2 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal per day rumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | 0 | + |
Chemical composition | ||
Crude protein, % | 14.6 | 14.3 |
NPN, % | 2.9 | 3.0 |
Crude fat, % | 6.1 | 6.6 |
NDF, % | 17.0 | 17.0 |
Ca, % | 0.51 | 0.52 |
P, % | 0.48 | 0.47 |
K, % | 0.98 | 0.97 |
Na, % | 0.20 | 0.20 |
S, % | 0.19 | 0.20 |
Cu, mg/kg | 15.3 | 14.8 |
Zn, mg/kg | 93.0 | 122.2 |
Mn, mg/kg | 49.8 | 64.7 |
Se, mg/kg | 0.33 | 0.36 |
Co, mg/kg | 0.20 | 0.60 |
I, mg/kg | 0.89 | 3.33 |
NCBA. 2019. Beef Quality Assurance National Manual. National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. Accessed Jan. 12, 2022. https://www.bqa.org/Media/BQA/Docs/bqa_manual_final.pdf.
Feedlot Performance
Carcass Merit
Liver Abscesses
Pulmonary Lesions
- Tennant T.C.
- Ives S.E.
- Harper L.B.
- Renter D.G.
- Lawrence T.E.
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Feedlot Health and Growth Performance
Item | Control | Test 3 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal per day of rumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | P-value | SEM |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of pen replicates | 16 | 16 | — | — |
Total cattle enrolled | 4,425 | 4,431 | — | — |
Cattle sold from original lot | 3,937 | 3,826 | — | — |
Mortality and fallout rate, % | 11.02 | 13.68 | 0.01 | 1.5 |
Mortality rate, % | 2.42 | 2.28 | 0.68 | 0.3 |
Respiratory, % | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.1 |
Atypical interstitial pneumonia, % | 0.09 | 0.11 | — | — |
Bloat, % | 1.42 | 1.20 | 0.37 | 0.2 |
Digestive, % | 0.02 | 0.09 | — | — |
Other, % | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.53 | 0.1 |
Fallout rate, % | 8.61 | 11.40 | 0.01 | 1.6 |
Respiratory, % | 8.45 | 11.10 | 0.01 | 1.6 |
Buller, % | 0.02 | 0.02 | — | — |
Other, % | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.1 |
Pulled and not removed from study, % | 2.94 | 3.88 | 0.03 | 0.4 |
Respiratory, % | 1.88 | 2.32 | 0.20 | 0.3 |
Digestive, % | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.1 |
Other, % | 0.95 | 1.29 | 0.19 | 0.2 |
Total pulled, % | 11.54 | 15.28 | 0.01 | 1.7 |
Respiratory, % | 10.33 | 13.42 | 0.01 | 1.6 |
Other, % | 1.22 | 1.85 | 0.10 | 0.2 |
Item | Treatment | Sex | P-value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Test 2 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal∙per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal∙per day ofrumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | SEM | Steer | Heifer | SEM | Treatment | Sex | Treatment × sex | |||
Initial BW, kg | 378 | 379 | 8.1 | 390 | 367 | 12.9 | 0.82 | 0.18 | 0.90 | ||
DMI, kg | 10.2 | 10.0 | 0.06 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.99 | ||
Deads and fallouts out | |||||||||||
Final BW, kg | 653 | 650 | 2.9 | 668 | 635 | 4.3 | 0.05 | ≤0.01 | 0.12 | ||
ADG, kg | 1.25 | 1.23 | 0.018 | 1.22 | 1.26 | 0.027 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.07 | ||
G:F | 0.122 | 0.122 | 0.001 | 0.120 | 0.125 | 0.002 | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.01 | ||
Deads and fallouts in | |||||||||||
Final BW, kg | 623 | 616 | 4.2 | 638 | 601 | 6.1 | 0.03 | ≤0.01 | 0.67 | ||
ADG, kg | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.045 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.068 | ≤0.01 | 0.95 | 0.93 | ||
G:F | 0.097 | 0.091 | 0.004 | 0.093 | 0.095 | 0.007 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.91 |
Carcass Merit
Item | Treatment | Sex | P-value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Test 2 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal∙per day of rumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | SEM | Steer | Heifer | SEM | Treatment | Sex | Interaction | |||
Hot carcass weight, kg | 409 | 406 | 1.4 | 419 | 396 | 2.1 | 0.03 | ≤0.01 | 0.36 | ||
Dressing percentage | 62.35 | 62.28 | 0.002 | 62.41 | 62.41 | 0.003 | 0.21 | 0.57 | ≤0.01 | ||
Fat depth, 12th rib, cm | 1.73 | 1.70 | 0.025 | 1.64 | 1.79 | 0.051 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | 0.14 | ||
LM area, cm 2 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal∙per day of rumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | 87.0 | 87.1 | 0.45 | 83.8 | 90.3 | 0.68 | 0.84 | ≤0.01 | 0.20 | ||
Calculated yield grade | 3.49 | 3.44 | 0.03 | 3.65 | 3.28 | 0.05 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | 0.82 | ||
Marbling score | 638 | 633 | 7.7 | 635 | 635 | 11.8 | 0.21 | 0.97 | 0.28 | ||
USDA QG distribution | |||||||||||
High Prime, % | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.78 | 0.91 | 0.82 | ||
Average Prime, % | 5.6 | 4.6 | 1.0 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.36 | ||
Low Prime, % | 28.0 | 27.9 | 2.5 | 27.6 | 28.3 | 3.8 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | ||
High Choice, % | 23.8 | 22.2 | 2.0 | 22.2 | 23.8 | 3.1 | 0.15 | 0.68 | 0.88 | ||
Average Choice, % | 26.5 | 28.3 | 1.6 | 26.8 | 28.0 | 2.4 | 0.10 | 0.71 | 0.79 | ||
Low Choice, % | 10.5 | 11.5 | 1.7 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 2.3 | 0.21 | 0.47 | 0.23 | ||
Select, % | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.71 | 0.16 | 0.89 | ||
Standard, % | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.72 | ||
Missing QG data, % | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.1 | |||||||
USDA YG distribution | |||||||||||
YG 1 and 2, % | 6.5 | 7.3 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 1.4 | 0.17 | 0.95 | 0.78 | ||
YG 3, % | 65.5 | 63.1 | 3.1 | 68.1 | 60.3 | 4.9 | 0.06 | 0.21 | ≤0.01 | ||
YG 4 and 5, % | 26.5 | 27.8 | 3.6 | 23.3 | 31.4 | 6.0 | 0.24 | 0.26 | ≤0.01 | ||
Missing YG data, % | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
Galyean, M. L., and J. F. Gleghorn. 2001. Summary of the 2000 Texas Tech University Consulting Nutritionist Survey. Burnett Center Internet Prog. Rep. No. 12. Accessed Jan. 14, 2022. https://www.depts.ttu.edu/afs/burnett_center/progress_reports/bc12.pdf.
Liver Abscess Incidence and Severity
Category 1 Liver abscess evaluations performed using Elanco Liver Check System. A− = percentage of livers showing 1 or 2 small abscesses; A = percentage of livers showing 2–4 small active abscesses; A+ = percentage of livers showing 1 or more large active abscesses; All = percentage of livers showing any liver abscesses, regardless of severity. | Percent of livers observed | P-value | SEM | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Test 3 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal∙per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal∙per day of rumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | |||
A− abscesses | 11.5 | 12.0 | 0.63 | 1.35 |
Heifers | 13.3 | 13.8 | 0.78 | 2.14 |
Steers | 9.8 | 10.3 | 0.68 | 1.66 |
A abscesses | 11.7 | 11.5 | 0.88 | 0.76 |
Heifers | 12.3 | 11.4 | 0.54 | 1.20 |
Steers | 11.1 | 11.7 | 0.59 | 0.93 |
A+ abscesses | 19.6 | 18.3 | 0.14 | 1.09 |
Heifers | 20.2 | 18.2 | 0.16 | 1.73 |
Steers | 19.0 | 18.4 | 0.54 | 1.34 |
All abscesses | 42.8 | 41.9 | 0.62 | 2.34 |
Heifers | 45.8 | 43.3 | 0.44 | 3.71 |
Steers | 39.9 | 40.4 | 0.84 | 2.87 |
- Deters E.L.
- Niedermayer E.K.
- Genther-Schroeder O.N.
- Blank C.P.
- Carmichael R.N.
- Hartman S.J.
- Messersmith E.M.
- VanValin K.R.
- Branine M.E.
- Hansen S.L.
- La S.K.
- Li H.
- Wang C.
- Liu Q.
- Guo G.
- Huo W.J.
- Zhang Y.L.
- Pei C.X.
- Zhang S.L.
- Deters E.L.
- Niedermayer E.K.
- Genther-Schroeder O.N.
- Blank C.P.
- Carmichael R.N.
- Hartman S.J.
- Messersmith E.M.
- VanValin K.R.
- Branine M.E.
- Hansen S.L.
- Reinhardt C.D.
- Millican A.
- Wickersham T.
- Larson C.K.
- Branine M.E.
- Brown H.
- Elliston N.G.
- McAskill J.W.
- Muenster O.A.
- Tonkinson L.V.
- Weinroth M.D.
- Martin J.N.
- Doster E.
- Geornaras I.
- Parker J.K.
- Carlson C.R.
- Metcalf J.L.
- Morley P.S.
- Belk K.E.
- Huebner K.L.
- Martin J.N.
- Weissend C.J.
- Holzer K.L.
- Parker J.K.
- Lakin S.M.
- Doster E.
- Weinroth M.D.
- Abdo Z.
- Woerner D.R.
- Metcalf J.L.
- Geornaras I.
- Bryant T.C.
- Morley P.S.
- Belk K.E.
- Meyer N.F.
- Erickson G.E.
- Klopfenstein T.J.
- Greenquist M.A.
- Luebbe M.K.
- Williams P.
- Engstrom M.A.
Pulmonary Lesion Incidence and Severity
Category 1 Evaluations performed using the system described by Tennant et al. (2014): Mild (≤5% of the lung surface exhibited lesions and consolidation due to previous or current pneumonia); moderate (5–15% of the lung surface exhibited lesions and consolidation attributable to previous or current pneumonia); severe (>15% of the lung surface was consolidated due to previous or current pneumonia, had visible signs of adherence of the lung to the pleural cavity, or a significant percentage of the lung was missing). | Percent of all lungs observed | P-value | SEM | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Test 3 Test premix was added to the diet through a water-flush micro-ingredient machine (Comco Systems and Automation Specialists) and was fed at the rate of 3.5 g/animal∙per day, providing lysine and glutamate amino acid complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co in the form of cobalt pectinate (ProPath; Zinpro Corporation), additional I from potassium iodine and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, and 30 mg/animal∙per day of rumen protected folic acid (RP-folate; Zinpro Corporation). | |||
Mild | 4.6 | 5.5 | 0.64 | 1.69 |
Heifers | 5.7 | 2.3 | 0.33 | 2.76 |
Steers | 3.4 | 8.8 | 0.05 | 1.95 |
Moderate | 17.8 | 18.2 | 0.86 | 2.20 |
Heifers | 21.9 | 18.0 | 0.33 | 3.59 |
Steers | 13.7 | 18.5 | 0.11 | 2.54 |
Severe | 11.3 | 12.4 | 0.30 | 1.94 |
Heifers | 11.1 | 16.9 | 0.01 | 3.17 |
Steers | 11.6 | 8.0 | 0.01 | 2.24 |
Any lesions | 33.7 | 36.2 | 0.51 | 3.73 |
Heifers | 38.7 | 37.1 | 0.80 | 6.09 |
Steers | 28.7 | 35.2 | 0.16 | 4.30 |
- Tennant T.C.
- Ives S.E.
- Harper L.B.
- Renter D.G.
- Lawrence T.E.
- Leruste H.
- Brscic M.
- Heutinck L.F.M.
- Visser E.K.
- Wolthuis-Fillerup M.
- Bokkers E.A.M.
- Stockhofe-Zurwieden N.
- Cozzi G.
- Gottardo F.
- Lensink B.J.
- van Reenen C.G.
APPLICATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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One author is employed by Zinpro Corporation, which provided funding for this project. The other authors have not declared any conflicts of interest.