Advertisement
SUSTAINABILITY AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS:Symposium Article| Volume 38, ISSUE 6, P648-659, December 2022

Invited Review: Ecosystem services provided by grasslands in the Southeast United States⁎

DOI:https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2022-02296
Invited Review: Ecosystem services provided by grasslands in the Southeast United States⁎
Previous ArticleImplied climate warming contributions of enteric methane emissions are dependent on the estimate source and accounting methodology⁎
Next ArticleInvited Review: Genetic decision tools for increasing cow efficiency and sustainability in forage-based beef systems
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.

      ABSTRACT

      Purpose

      This review describes ecosystem services (ES) obtained from grasslands within the southeastern United States. In addition, future direction and the importance of these ES to sustain productive agroecosystems are de- scribed.

      Sources

      Results from published studies investigating various ES provided by grasslands within the southeastern United States are summarized in this article.

      Synthesis

      Ecosystem services can be classified into 4 categories: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cul- tural. Grasslands in the southeastern United States range from wet prairies in Florida, to transitional grasslands emerging from tallgrass prairie and longleaf pine ecosys- tems into coastal marshes in Texas. Provisioning ES from grasslands include animal products, timber, fruits, pods, and medicinal products. Supporting and regulating ES in- clude nutrient cycling, biological nitrogen fixation, water catchment and purification, recharge of aquifers, climate regulation, primary productivity, habitat for wildlife and pollinators, and biodiversity. Grasslands are also impor- tant for aesthetic and cultural ES, including hunting leases and recreational parks.

      Conclusions and Applications

      Grasslands in the southeastern United States have decreased due to urban- ization, rising livestock production costs, and decreases in seed resources. Providing ES assessments will be impor- tant to assign value to grassland ecosystems, especially to increase adoption of novel management practices that may enhance delivery of ES. Remote sensing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence are promising tools to scale up the measurement of ES at landscape and watershed levels. In the future, ES will likely be a more prominent component of agroecosystems, and payment mechanisms will become more common to compensate landowners for the benefit they provide for the entire society.

      Key words

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      LITERATURE CITED

        • Adewopo J.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Xu S.
        • Gerber S.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Martin T.A.
        Management intensification impacts on soil and ecosystem carbon stocks in subtropical grasslands.
        Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2014; 78: 977-986https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.12.0523
        • Adewopo J.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Xu S.
        • Gerber S.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Martin T.
        Long-term grassland intensification impacts on particle-size soil carbon fractions: Evidence from carbon-13 abun- dance.
        Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2015; 79: 1198-1205https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.11.0445
        • Andersen P.C.
        • Crocker T.E.
        The Pecan Tree: HS984/ HS229, 5/2004. EDIS 2019.
        Univ. Florida, 2004https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs229-2004
        • Badgery W.
        • Murphy B.
        • Cowie A.
        • Orgill S.
        • Rawson A.
        • Simmons A.
        • Crean J.
        Soil carbon market-based instrument pilot—The sequestration of soil organic carbon for the purpose of obtaining car- bon credits.
        Soil Res. 2021; 59: 12-23https://doi.org/10.1071/SR19331
        • Bardgett R.D.
        • Bullock J.M.
        • Lavorel S.
        • Manning P.
        • Schaffner U.
        • Ostle N.
        • Chomel M.
        • Durigan G.
        • Fry E.L.
        • Johnson D.
        • Lavallee J.M.
        • Le Provost G.
        • Luo S.
        • Png K.
        • Sankaran M.
        • Hou X.
        • Zhou H.
        • Ma L.
        • Ren W.
        • Li X.
        • Ding Y.
        • Li Y.
        • Shi H.
        Combatting global grassland degradation.
        Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2021; 2: 720-735https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00207-2
        • Benez-Secanho F.J.
        • Dwivedi P.
        Analyzing the provision of ecosystem services by conservation easements and other protected and non-protected areas in the Upper Chattahoochee Watershed.
        Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 717137218https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137218
        • Bhandari K.B.
        • West C.P.
        • Longing S.D.
        • Brown C.P.
        • Green P.E.
        • Barkowsky E.
        Pollinator abundance in semiarid pastures as affected by forage species.
        Crop Sci. 2018; 58: 2665-2671https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.06.0393
        • Bigelow D.P.
        • Borchers A.
        Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2012.
        Econ. Info. Bull. 178. Econ. Res. Serv. USDA, 2017
        • Castillo M.S.
        • Tiezzi F.
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        Tree spe- cies effects on understory forage productivity and microclimate in a silvopasture of the southeastern USA.
        Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2020; 295106917https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106917
        • Conant R.T.
        • Paustian K.
        • Elliott E.T.
        Grassland man- agement and conversion into grassland: Effects on soil carbon.
        Ecol. Appl. 2001; 11: 343-355https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0343: GMACIG]2.0.CO;2
        • da Silva L.S.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Moura Kohmann M.
        • Dubeux J.C.
        • Aryal P.
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        Litter mass and nitrogen disappearance in year-round nitrogen-fertilized grass and legume–grass forage systems.
        Agron. J. 2021; 113: 5170-5182https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20826
        • da Silva L.S.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Kimberly Mullenix M.
        • Kohmann M.M.
        • Dubeux J.C.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in nitrogen-fertilized grass and legume-grass for- age systems.
        Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2022; 122: 105-117https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-021-10188-9
        • Dong M.
        • de Kroon H.
        Plasticity in morphology and bio- mass allocation in Cynodon dactylon, a grass species forming stolons and rhizomes.
        Oikos. 1994; 70: 99-106https://doi.org/10.2307/3545704
        • Dubeux J.C.B.
        • DiLorenzo N.
        • Waters K.
        • Griffin J.C.
        Forage-Based Heifer Development Program for North Florida.
        EDIS SS-AGR-424, Univ. Florida/Inst. Food Agric. Sci. Ext. AG42400.pdf. 2018;
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Interrante S.M.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • Stewart Jr., R.L.
        Litter decomposition and mineralization in bahiagrass pastures managed at different intensities.
        Crop Sci. 2006; 46: 1305-1310https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0263
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Mathews B.W.
        • Scholberg J.M.
        • Santos H.Q.
        Nutrient cycling in warm-climate grass- lands.
        Crop Sci. 2007; 47: 915-928https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.09.0581
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Gaston L.A.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • Interrante S.M.
        • Stewart Jr., R.L.
        Animal behavior and soil nutrient redistribution in continuously stocked Pen- sacola bahiagrass pastures managed at different intensities.
        Crop Sci. 2009; 49: 1503-1510https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.08.0509
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • DiLorenzo N.
        • Blount A.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Silva H.M.S.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        • Schulmeister T.
        Animal performance and pasture characteristics on cool-season annual grass mixtures in north Florida.
        Crop Sci. 2016; 56: 2841-2852https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.03.0141
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Blount A.R.S.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Neto J.D. Pereira
        • Riveros U.
        • Garcia L.
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        Biological N2 fixation, belowground responses, and forage potential of rhizoma peanut cultivars.
        Crop Sci. 2017; 57: 1027-1038https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.09.0810
        • Farmer J.R.
        • Meretsky V.
        • Knapp D.
        • Chancellor C.
        • Fischer B.C.
        Why agree to a conservation easement? Understanding the decision of conservation easement granting.
        Landsc. Urban Plan. 2015; 138: 11-19https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.01.005
        • Fike J.H.
        • Staples C.R.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Macoon B.
        • Moore J.E.
        Pasture forages, supplementation rate, and stocking rate effects on dairy cow performance.
        J. Dairy Sci. 2003; 86: 1268-1281https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73711-4
        • Fontaneli R.S.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Littell R.C.
        • Staples C.R.
        Performance of lactating dairy cows managed on pasture-based or in freestall barn-feeding systems.
        J. Dairy Sci. 2005; 88: 1264-1276https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72793-4
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        • Stuedemann J.A.
        Bermudagrass management in the southern Piedmont USA. III. Particulate and bio- logically active soil carbon.
        Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2003; 67: 132-138https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.1320
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        • Stuedemann J.A.
        Soil-profile organic carbon and total nitrogen during 12 years of pasture management in the southern Piedmont USA.
        Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2009; 129: 28-36https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.013
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        • Stuedemann J.A.
        • Schomberg H.H.
        • Wilkinson S.R.
        Soil organic C and N pools under long-term pas- ture management in the Southern Piedmont USA.
        Soil Biol. Biochem. 2000; 32: 469-478https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00176-5
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        • Endale D.M.
        • Buyer J.S.
        • J. A. Stuede- mann.
        Tall fescue management in the Piedmont: Sequestra- tion of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen.
        Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2012; 76: 1016-1026https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0347
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        • Sawchik J.
        • Taboada M.A.
        Agronom- ic and environmental impacts of pasture–crop rotations in temperate North and South America.
        Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2014; 190: 18-26https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.09.017
        • Garcia L.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.
        • Ellis J.
        • Campbell J.
        • Ober H.
        • Sollenberger L.
        • Vendramini J.M.
        • da Silva Santos E.R.
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Moreno M.R.
        Managing grassland structure to enhance pollinator habitat. In Am. Soc. Agron., Crop Sci. Soc. Am.; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Int. Annu. Meet. (2018).
        Am. Soc. Agron., Crop Sci. Soc. Am.; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 2018;
        • Garcia L.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • DiLorenzo N.
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        Nutrient excretion from cattle grazing nitrogen- fertilized grass or grass–legume pastures.
        Agron. J. 2021; 113: 3110-3123https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20675
        • Haan M.M.
        • Russell J.R.
        • Powers W.J.
        • Kovar J.L.
        • Benning. J.L.
        Grazing management effects on sediment and phosphorus in surface runoff.
        Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 2006; 59: 607-615https://doi.org/10.2111/05-152R2.1
        • Haynes R.J.
        • Williams P.H.
        Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem.
        in: Sparks D.L. Pages 119–199 in Advances in Agronomy, No. 49. Acad. Press, 1993
        • Herridge D.F.
        • Peoples M.B.
        • Boddey R.M.
        Global in- puts of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems.
        Plant Soil. 2008; 311: 1-18https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9668-3
        • Hoveland C.S.
        Grazing systems for humid regions.
        J. Prod. Agric. 1992; 5: 23-27https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1992.0023
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Sollenberger L.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • DiLorenzo N.
        • Queiroz L.M.D.
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Garcia L.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        • Santen E.
        Litter mass, deposition rate, and decomposition in nitrogen-fertilized or grass–le- gume grazing systems.
        Crop Sci. 2021; 61: 2176-2189
        10
        .1002/csc2.20475
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Dubeux J.C.B.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • DiLorenzo N.
        • Garcia L.
        • Queiroz L.M.D.
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Homem B.G.C.
        • Cleef F.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        Water footprint, herbage, and livestock responses for nitrogen-fertil- ized grass and grass–legume grazing systems.
        Crop Sci. 2021; 61: 3844-3858https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20568
        • Jose S.
        • Walter D.
        • Mohan Kumar B.
        Ecological consid- erations in sustainable silvopasture design and management.
        Agrofor. Syst. 2019; 93: 317-331https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-0065-2
        • Kohmann M.M.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Moreno L.S.B.
        • Silva L.S.
        • Aryal P.
        Nitrogen fertilization and proportion of legume affect litter decomposition and nutrient return in grass pastures.
        Crop Sci. 2018; 58: 2138-2148https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.01.0028
        • Kohmann M.M.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Moreno L.S.B.
        Legume proportion in grass- land litter affects decomposition dynamics and nutrient mineraliza- tion.
        Agron. J. 2019; 111: 1079-1089https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.09.0603
        • Kuykendall H.A.
        • Cabrera M.L.
        • Hoveland C.S.
        • McCann M.A.
        • West L.T.
        Stocking method effects on nutrient runoff from pastures fertilized with broiler litter.
        J. Environ. Qual. 1999; 28: 1886-1890https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060027x
        • Lal R.
        Carbon sequestration. Philos.
        Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2008; 363: 815-830https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2185
        • Lal R.
        • Kimble J.M.
        Conservation tillage for carbon se- questration.
        Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 1997; 49: 243-253https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009794514742
        • Lieth H.
        Primary production of the major vegetation units of the world. Pages 203–215 in Primary Productivity of the Biosphere.
        1975
        • Lira Junior M.A.
        • Fracetto F.J.C.
        • Ferreira J.S.
        • Silva M.B.
        • Fracetto G.G.M.
        Lieth H. Whittaker R.H. Legume-based silvopastoral systems drive C and N soil stocks in a subhumid tropical environment. Catena. 189. Springer, 2020: 104508 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104508)
        • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
        Ecosystems and Human Well-Being.
        Island Press, 2005
        • Morgan J.A.
        • Brown R.H.
        Photosynthesis and growth of bermudagrass swards. I. Carbon dioxide exchange characteristics of swards mowed at weekly and monthly intervals.
        Crop Sci. 1983; 23: 347-352https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300020039x
        • Mullenix M.K.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Wallau M.O.
        • Rowland D.L.
        • Blount A.R.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        Sward structure, light interception, and rhizome-root responses of rhizoma peanut cultivars and germplasm to grazing management.
        Crop Sci. 2016; 56: 899-906https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.08.0508
        • Nair V.D.
        • Nair P.K.R.
        • Kalmbacher R.S.
        • Ezenwa I.V.
        Reducing nutrient loss from farms through silvopastoral practices in coarse-textured soils of Florida, USA.
        Ecol. Eng. 2007; 29: 192-199https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.07.003
        • NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi- cine)
        Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle.
        Natl. Acad. Press, 2016
        • Noss R.F.
        Forgotten Grasslands of the South: Natural History and Conservation.
        Island Press, 2013
        • Nowak J.
        • Blount A.
        • Workman S.
        Integrated Timber, Forage and Livestock Production—Benefits of Silvopasture: Cir1430/ FR139, 12/2002.
        EDIS 2003. Univ. Florida, 2003https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr139-2002
        • Ortega-S J.A.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Quesenberry K.H.
        • Jones Jr., C.S.
        • Cornell J.A.
        Productivity and persistence of rhizoma pea- nut pastures under different grazing managements.
        Agron. J. 1992; 84: 799-804https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400050008x
        • Palm C.
        • Blanco-Canqui H.
        • DeClerck F.
        • Gatere L.
        • Grace P.
        Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview.
        Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2014; 187: 87-105https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.010
        • Parsons A.
        • Rowarth J.
        • Thornley J.
        • Newton P.
        Primary production of grassland, herbage accumulation and use, and impacts of climate change.
        in: Lemaire G. Hodgson J. Chabbi A. Pages 3–18 in Grassland Productivity and Ecosys- tem Services. CABI Publ, 2011
        • Paudel S.
        • Cobb A.B.
        • Boughton E.H.
        • Spiegal S.
        • Boughton R.K.
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Swain H.M.
        • Reuter R.
        • Goodman L.E.
        • Steiner J.L.
        A framework for sustainable management of ecosystem services and disservices in perennial grassland agroecosystems.
        Eco- sphere. 2021; 12e03837https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3837
        • Pitman W.D.
        Changing ecological and agricultural expec- tations for US Coastal Plain managed grasslands.
        Restor. Ecol. 2021; 29e13436https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13436
        • Pote D.H.
        • Kingery W.L.
        • Aiken G.E.
        • Han F.X.
        • Moore Jr., P.A.
        • Buddington K.
        Water-quality effects of incorporat- ing poultry litter into perennial grassland soils.
        J. Environ. Qual. 2003; 32: 2392-2398https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.2392
        • Poudel J.
        • Munn I.A.
        • Henderson J.E.
        Economic Impact of Hunting Expenditures on Southern US.
        AgEcon Search, 2013
        • Power A.G.
        Ecosystem services and agriculture: Tradeoffs and synergies. Philos.
        Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2010; 365: 2959-2971https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0143
        • Powers W.
        • Auvermann B.
        • Cole N.A.
        • Gooch C.
        • Grant R.
        • Hatfield J.
        • Hunt P.
        • Johnson K.
        • Leytem A.
        • Liao W.
        Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Animal Production Systems, Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Agriculture and For- estry: Methods for Entity-Scale Inventory. Technical Bulletin Number 1939.
        Citeseer. 2014;
        • Pukkala T.
        At what carbon price forest cutting should stop.
        J. For. Res. 2020; 31: 713-727https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01101-1
        • Rolando J.L.
        • Dubeux J.C.B.
        • Souza T.C.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • Wright D.
        • George S.
        • Pires T.
        • Santos E.
        Organic carbon is mostly stored in deep soil and only affected by land use in its superfi- cial layers: A case study.
        Agrosyst. Geosci. Environ. 2021; 4e20135https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20135
        • Sanderson M.A.
        • Liebig M.A.
        Forages and the environ- ment. Pages 249–259 in Forages.
        Wiley, 2020
        • Santos C.E.R.S.
        Grazing Cover Crops: Alternatives to Im- prove Sustainability and Row Crop Productivity in North Florida.
        Univ. Florida, 2021
        • Santos C.E.R.S.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • Sollenberg L.
        • Jaramillo D.
        • Van Cleef F.
        • Siqueira M.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        Root-rhizome, growth, and decomposition of rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.).
        in: Am. Soc. Agron., Crop Sci. Soc. Am., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Int. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Agron., Crop Sci. Soc. Am., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 2019
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Mackowiak C.
        • Blount A.R.S.
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Garcia L.
        • Pereira-Neto J.D.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        Sward responses of bahiagrass cultivars under no nitro- gen fertilization.
        Crop Sci. 2019; 59: 2893-2902https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2019.06.0387
        • Santos E.R.S.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Menezes R.C.
        • Mackowiak C.L.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Ruiz-Moreno M.
        • Jaramillo D.M.
        • Garcia L.
        • Queiroz L.M.D.
        Particulate soil organic matter in bahiagrass–rhizoma peanut mixtures and their monocultures.
        Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2019; 83: 658-665https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.11.0445
        • Schneider-Canny R.
        • Chekhovskiy K.
        • Muñoz P.
        • Kwon S.
        • Saha M.C.
        Characterization of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) germplasm for nitrogen use efficiency.
        Euphytica. 2019; 215: 40https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2347-z
        • Sigua G.C.
        • Hubbard R.K.
        • Coleman S.W.
        • Williams M.
        Nitrogen in soils, plants, surface water and shallow groundwater in a bahiagrass pasture of Southern Florida, USA.
        Nutr. Cycl. Agroeco- syst. 2010; 86: 175-187https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-009-9281-8
        • Silva G.M.
        • Cangiano L.R.
        • Fabris T.F.
        • Merenda V.R.
        • Chebel R.C.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • DiLorenzo N.
        • Laporta J.
        Effects of providing artificial shade to pregnant grazing beef heifers on vaginal temperature, growth, activity, and behavior.
        Transl. Anim. Sci. 2021; 5: txab053https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab053
        • Silveira M.L.
        • Vendramini J.M.B.
        • Sellers B.
        • Monteiro F.A.
        • Artur A.G.
        • Dupas E.
        Bahiagrass response and N loss from selected N fertilizer sources.
        Grass Forage Sci. 2015; 70: 154-160https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12078
        • Sollenberger L.
        • Agourdis C.T.
        • Vanzant E.S.
        • Franzluebbers A.J.
        • Owens L.B.
        Prescribed grazing on pasturelands.
        in: Nelson C.J. Pages 111–204 in Conservation Outcomes from Pastureland and Hayland Practices: Assessment, Recommendations, and Knowledge Gaps. Allen Press, 2012
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Kohmann M.M.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.C.B.
        • Silveira M.L.
        Grassland management affects delivery of regulating and supporting ecosystem services.
        Crop Sci. 2019; 59: 441-459https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0594
        • Sprague L.A.
        • Gronberg J.A.M.
        Relating management practices and nutrient export in agricultural watersheds of the Unit- ed States.
        J. Environ. Qual. 2012; 41: 1939-1950https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0073
        • Stewart Jr., R.
        • Sollenberger L.
        • Dubeux Jr., J.
        • Vendramini J.
        • Interrante S.
        • Newman Y.
        Herbage and animal responses to management intensity of continuously stocked bahiagrass pastures.
        Agron. J. 2007; 99: 107-112https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0167
        • Trott J.O.
        • Moore K.J.
        • Lechtenberg V.L.
        • Johnson K.D.
        Light penetration through tall fescue in relation to canopy biomass.
        J. Prod. Agric. 1988; 1: 137-140https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1988.0137
        • USDA-NASS
        Southern Region News Release, 2021 Acreage.
        USDA, Natl. Agric. Stat. Serv, 2021
        • USDA-NASS
        Southern Region News Release, Cattle Inven- tory.
        USDA, Natl. Agric. Stat. Serv, 2021
        • Vickery P.D.
        • Herkert J.R.
        • Knopf F.L.
        • Ruth J.
        • Keller C.E.
        Grassland Birds: An Overview of Threats and Recommended Management Strategies.
        US Forest Serv., Rocky Mount. Res. Stn, 2000
        • Volenec J.J.
        • Ourry A.
        • Joern B.C.
        A role for nitro- gen reserves in forage regrowth and stress tolerance.
        Physiol. Plant. 1996; 97: 185-193https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00496.x
        • West J.W.
        Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cat- tle.
        J. Dairy Sci. 2003; 86: 2131-2144https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X
        • Woodard K.R.
        • French E.C.
        • Sweat L.A.
        • Graetz D.A.
        • Sollenberger L.E.
        • Macoon B.
        • Portier K.M.
        • Rymph S.J.
        • Wade B.L.
        • Prine G.M.
        • Van Horn Jr H.H.
        Nitrogen removal and nitrate leaching for two perennial, sod-based forage systems receiv- ing dairy effluent.
        J. Environ. Qual. 2003; 32: 996-1007https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.9960
        • Xiong Z.
        • Li H.
        Ecological deficit tax: A tax design and simulation of compensation for ecosystem service value based on ecological footprint in China.
        J. Clean. Prod. 2019; 230: 1128-1137https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.172
        • Zhou K.
        • Li Y.
        Carbon finance and carbon market in China: Progress and challenges.
        J. Clean. Prod. 2019; 214: 536-549https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.298

      Article info

      Footnotes

      The authors have not declared any conflicts of interest.

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2022-02296

      Copyright

      © 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect
      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      RELX